P17. CROMATOGRAPHY

OBJECTIVES

• To know the bases of chromatographic analysis.

• To learn the procedure for separating the photosynthetic pigments.  

MATERIAL:

• Test tubes
• Rack 
• beakers 250ml
• mortar
• funnel
• petri dish
• spatula
• filter paper
• spinach
• water
• and many products quimics

PROCEDURES

• Wash the spinach and cut them, then dry them.

• Grind the spinach in a mortar and add 50 ml of ethanol and a small amount of calcium carbonate, which fits at the tip of the spatula.

• Filter the mixture into a funnel with filter paper.

• Put a part of the mixture in a Petri dish (3-4 mm high).

• Put a rectangle of paper for chromatography in form V, and wait for the pigments to be differentiated.

RESULTS

The different pigments that are from bottom to top are:
Beta carotene (red - orange)
Chlorophyll alpha (bluish green)
Chlorophyll beta (bright light green)
Xanthophylls (yellow)


QUESTIONS

Why do we add calcium carbonate?

To avoid the degradation of the pigments.



Which is the colour of every pigment

• Beta carotene (red - orange)

• Chlorophyll alpha (bluish green)

•  Chlorophyll beta (bright light green

For what purpose it does have different colour pigments?

To know the different solubility of photosynthetic pigments in an organic solvent such as ethanol, which is miscible with water.



Why do they separate in the paper? 


When the alcohol is placed with the pigments dissolved by a chromatography paper, the different pigments are separated as the medium is increasingly poorer in ethanol and richer in water.

P16. WATER DROP

OBJECTIVES:

• Observe drops of diferents waters (water fishbowl and water of river) 

MATERIAL:

• Water fishbowl

• Water river

• Microspcope

• dropper

• slide and coverslide

PROCEDURES: 

1. prepare two samples of different water drops.

2. put the drops slide the cover and copper objects

3. and observe the bacterias, arthropots and protozoans

P15. PRBB

The group I belonged to had to do the behavior experiment, in which we washed the plates with some water in order to gather the C. elegans. Afterwards we pick them up with a dropper and once they were classified we left them a few minutes so the C. elegans settle.
Then we remove the water and put the C. elegans in a plate with salty water in one side and distilled in the other. If the C. elegans move to the salty water side that means that they smell so they have DAF18, if not they have it silenced.

This is table where we have all the information of the other experiments:

	Microscopy	Image	Genetic	Behavior
ADAF18 mutated	8 male100 hermaphrodite	Intestine NO Pharynx NO	Short	DAF18 mutated
BGFP+RPF	0 male100 hermaphrodite	Intestine YES Pharynx YES	Long	DAF18 mutated
CWild	6 male100 hermaphrodite	Intestine NO Pharynx NO	Long	NO RESULTS
DDAF18 silenced	0 male100 hermaphrodite	Intestine YES Pharynx YES	Long	DAF18 silenced

P14. COCA COLA

OBJECTIVES:

• To know if regular coke and light coke contain reducing sugars.

MATERIAL:

• regular coke
• light coke
• beakers
• bunsen burner
• test-tubes
• test-tubes rack
• Fehling A
• Fehling B
• pipet
• wighing scales

PROCEDURE:

The first test we did is about to boil the coke and every second spent there will be less and less liquid until the beaker will only contain the sugar of coke. In regular coke should be a 33% of sugar, according to the lalbel. And in light coke should disapper all the liquid.

The second test we did was the Fehling test, in which one we have to add some drops with a pipet of Fehling A and Fehling B (each one with a different pipet) and then warm it up until it changes its color into blue or orange-brown, regular coke should change into orange-brown because it contains sugars. And light coke should change into blue because it doesn't contain sugars.
We boiled the two test-tubes in the coke of the beakers to save time.

P13. MICROSCOPE

OBJECTIVES:

• Observe and know how to use a microscope

MATERIAL:

• Microscope
• Samples 

QUESTIONS:

PHOTOS:

P12. ADN

OBJECTIVES:

• Extract and watch banana's DNA

MATERIAL:

• test tubes

• filter paper

• funnel

• 200mL graduated cylinder

• erlenmeyer flask

• 250ml beaker

• spatula

• pipette

• microscope

• soap

• sodium chloride

• H2O

• ethanol 

• acetic orcein 
• pineapple juice

• banana

PROCEDURES: 

1. Weigh 100g of banana, put it on a dish and crush it 

2. In a beaker add 3g of sodium chloride, 100mL of H2O and 10mL of soap. 

3. Add the banana

4. Strain the contentswith a colander in another beaker. With the spatula mix the dissolution.

          

5. Strain it using filter paper. Put funnel in a 200mL graduated cylinder and the paper on a the funnel 

6. With a pipette, put 5mL of the mixture in graduated cylinder and add 1mL of pineapple juice.

7. With another pipette add 6mL of cold ethanol.

8. With a glass spatula remove some filaments and put them in a microscope slide and add a drop of acetic orcein 

QUESTIONS:

1. How do you get rid of the membranes surrounding DNA? by denaturation

2. Why use pineapple juice? use it because it is a good denaturant

3. How to get scattered precipitation of DNA? because the membrane that protects the DNA is destroyed

PHOTOS:

P11. PROPERTIES

OBJECTIVES:

• watch the properties of milk

MATERIAL:

• Milk
• and all the objects of all of PRACTICS

 RESULTS:

LLET	PROVA	RESULTAT
PH	PAPERS DE PH	6-7
PROTEÏNES	BIURET	+
MIDÓ	LUGOL	-
GREIXOS	SUDAN III	+
GLÚCIDS REDUCTORS	FEHLING	+